In normal kidney function the counter current multiplier system, together with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), involves extracellular fluid volume control, electrolyte balance, waste product excretion, drug and hormone elimination/metabolism, blood pressure (BP) and haematocrit regulation, and calcium/phosphate balance (vitamin D 3 metabolism)
Patients with type 1 diabetes, significant kidney disease, or certain cardiac conditions require careful evaluation
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Resistance training addresses both concerns simultaneously by applying mechanical load to both muscles and bones